japan :: essays research papers

In the year 710, the first permanent Nipponese capital was naturalised in Nara, a city modelled after the Chinese capital. Large Buddhist monasteries were built in the new capital. The monasteries quickly gained such strong political influence that, in order to protect the put down of the emperor and central government, the capital was moved to Nagaoka in 784, and finally to Heian (Kyoto) in 794 where it should remain for over one thousand years. One characteristic of the Nara and Heian periods is a gradual decline of Chinese influence, which, nevertheless, remained strong. Many of the imported ideas were gradually "Japanized". In order to meet particular Japanese needs, several governmental offices were established in addition to the government system, which was copied after the Chinese model, for example. In the liberal arts too, native Japanese movements became increasingly popular. The development of the Kana syllables made the creation of positive Japanese literatu re possible. Several new Buddhist sects that were imported from china during the Heian period, were also "Japanized". Among the worst failures of the Taika reforms were the land and taxation reforms High taxes resulted in the scantiness of many farmers who then had to sell their properties and became tenants of larger landowners. Furthermore, many aristocrats and the Buddhist monasteries succeeded in achieving tax immunity. As a result, the state income decreased, and over the centuries, the political designer steadily shifted from the central government to the large independent landowners. The Fujiwara family controlled the political fit of the Heian period over several centuries through strategic intermarriages with the imperial family and by occupying all the important political offices in Kyoto and the major provinces. The baron of the kinsperson reached its peak with Fujiwara Michinaga in the year 1016. After Michinaga, however, the ability of the Fujiwara leaders began to decline, and worldly concern order could not be maintained. Many landowners hired samurai for the protection of their properties. That is how the host class became more and more influential, especially in Eastern Japan. The Fujiwara success came to an end in 1068 when the new emperor Go-Sanjo was determined to loom the rural by himself, and the Fujiwara failed to control him. In the year 1086 Go-Sanjo abdicated but continued to rule from behind the political stage. This new form of government was called Insei government. Insei emperors exerted political power from 1086 until 1156 when Taira Kiyomori became the new leader of Japan.

Tylenol Crisis

Abstract Part 1 Crisis Scenario Development Develop a scenario describing a crisis situation. Possible topics for your scenario include shoal violence, workplace violence, terrorist attack, sexual assault, or natural disasters. Your scenario must include suitable breadth and depth in terms of the details surrounding the nonessential you have chosen, to include Description of the crisis. Description of the amount of damage. Description of the victims (physical and mental damage). Information about the perpetrator(s).Project 1 Part 1 In October of 1982, acetaminophen, the wind pain-killer medicine in the United States at the time, go about a unspeakable crisis when seven people in stops were reported stone-dead later taking extra-strength Tylenol capsules. It was reported that an un getn suspect put 65 milligrams of deadly cyanide into Tylenol capsules, 10,000 to a greater extent than what is necessary to kill a human. The t adenosine monophosphateering occurred once the produ ct reached the shelves. They were re choke from the shelves, infected with cyanide and returned to the shelves (Mitchell, 1989).In 1982, Tylenol control conduct 37 percentage of its market with revenue of about $1. 2 million. right away later the cyanide poisonings, its market share was reduced to seven percent (Mitchell 1989). Once the data link was do between the Tylenol capsules and the reported conclusions, human creations announcements were made warning people about the consumption of the product. Johnson & Johnson was faced with the dilemma of the best way to deal with the problem without destroying the reputation of the bon ton and its most profitable product.Following one of their guidelines of protecting people first and station second, McNeil Consumer Products, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, conducted an immediate product recall from the good country which amounted to about 31 million bottles and a loss of more than $100 million dollars. (Lazare, wa mpum Sun-Times 2002) Additionally, they halted all advertisement for the product. Although Johnson & Johnson knew they were not responsible for the tampering of the product, they assumed responsibility by ensuring public resort first and recalled all of their capsules from the market.In fact, in February of 1986, when a woman was reported dead from cyanide poisoning in Tylenol capsules, Johnson & Johnson permanently removed all of the capsules from the market. The reason Tylenol reacted so quickly and in such(prenominal) a positive manner to the crisis stems from the companys mission statement. (Lazare bread Sun-Times 2002). On the companys credo written in the mid-1940s by Robert Wood Johnson, he stated that the companys responsibilities were to the consumers and medical examination professionals using its products, employees, the communities where its people work and live, and its stockholders.Therefore, it was essential to give the safety of its publics to maintain the company alive. Johnson & Johnsons responsibility to its publics first proved to be its most efficient public relations tool. It was the key to the brands survival. On September 29, 1982, 12-year-old bloody shame Kellerman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, woke up at dawn and went into her parents bedroom. She did not feel well and complained of having a sore pharynx and a runny nose. To ease her discomfort, her parents gave her one Extra-Strength Tylenol capsule. At 7 a. m. they found Mary on the bathroom floor.She was presently taken to the hospital where she was later pronounced dead. Doctors signly suspected that Mary died from a stroke, provided evidence later pointed to a more sinister diagnosis. That same day, paramedics were called to the Arlington senior high school home of 27-year-old postal worker Adam Janus. When they arrived, they found him lying on the floor. His breathing was labored, his blood pressure was dangerously low and his pupils were fixed and dilated. T he paramedics hotfoot Adam Janus to the emergency room at Northwest Community Hospital, where they assay to relate him, but it was too late.Adam died shortly after he was brought to the hospital. His death was believed to be the result of a massive heart attack. However, doctors would later apprise that his death was anything but natural. On the eve of Adams death, his aggrieved family gathered at his family unit to mourn his sudden passing and discuss funeral arrangements. Adams 25-year old brother Stanley and his 19-year-old bride, Theresa, some(prenominal) suffered from headaches attributed to the stress of losing a family member. To his relief, Stanley found on Adams kitchen counter a bottle of Extra Strength Tylenol. He took a capsule from the bottle and hence gave one to his wife.Shortly after taking the capsules, both Stanley and his wife collapsed onto the floor. The shocked family members at once called an ambulance. Once again paramedics rushed to the home of Adam Janus and attempted to resuscitate the young couple. However, Stanley died that day, and his wife died two days later. Twenty-seven-year-old Mary Reiner of Winfield, Illinois, was recovering after the birth of her son when she unsuspectingly ingested the Tylenol laced with cyanide. She died a short time later. That same day, 35-year-old Paula Prince, a United Airlines stewardess, was found dead in her suburban Chicago a imagement.Cyanide-filled Tylenol capsules were also found in her home. The one-seventh known victim of the Tylenol poisonings was 35-year-old Mary McFarland of Elmhurst, Illinois. While the blood samples were being tested for cyanide, two firefighters in another location of the Chicago suburbs discussed the quadruple bizarre deaths that had recently taken place in the neighboring sphere. Arlington high school firefighter Philip Cappitelli talked with his friend Richard Keyworth from the Elk Grove firehouse about Mary Kellerman and the fact that she had taken Tyle nol before she died.Keyworth suggested that all the deaths could have been link up to the medicine. Following his friends suggestion, Cappitelli called the paramedics who worked on the Janus family and asked if they too had taken Tylenol. To both the mens surprise, they discovered all three Janus family members had ingested the popular pain reliever. The police were immediately sent to the Kellerman and Janus homes to retrieve the suspicious bottles. Investigators soon discovered the Tylenol link. imperative warnings were broadcast, and police drove through Chicago neighborhoods issuing warnings over loudspeakers.During the initial investigations, a man named James William Lewis sent a letter to Johnson & Johnson demanding $1 million to stop the cyanide-induced murders. Police were unable to link him with the crimes, as he and his wife were living in New York City at the time. He was convicted of extortion, served 13 years of a 20-year sentence, and was released in 1995 on paro le. WCVB line of credit 5 of Boston reported that court documents, released in early 2009, record Department of Justice investigators concluded Lewis was responsible for the poisonings, despite the fact that they did not have enough evidence to charge him. Lewis has denied responsibility for the poisonings for several years. A second man, Roger Arnold, was investigated and cleared of the killings. He had a nervous breakdown payable to the media attention, which he blamed on Marty Sinclair, a bar owner. In the summer of 1983, Arnold shot and killed John Stanisha, whom he mistook for Sinclair. Stanisha was an innocent man who did not know Arnold. Arnold was convicted in January 1984 and served 15 years of a 30-year sentence for second-degree murder. He died in June 2008.Laurie Dann, who poisoned and shot people in a May 1988 rampage in and around Winnetka, Illinois, was briefly considered as a suspect, but no carry on connection was found. On May 19, 2011, the FBI requested DNA s amples from Unabomber Ted Kaczynski in connection to the Tylenol murders. Kaczynski denied having ever possessed potassium cyanide. The investigation is still under way. The first four Unabomber crimes happened in Chicago and its suburbs from 1978 to 1980, and Kaczynskis parents had a suburban Chicago home in Lombard, Illinois, in 1982, where he stayed occasionally.The media gave Johnson Johnson much positive reporting for its handling of the crisis for example, an word in The Washington Post said, Johnson & Johnson has effectively demonstrated how a major business ought to handle a disaster. The article only stated that this is no Three Mile Island accident in which the companys response did more damage than the original incident, and applauded the company for being unspoilt with the public. In addition to issuing the recall, the company established relations with the Chicago Police Department, the FBI, and the Food and Drug Administration.This way it could have a part i n searching for the person who laced the capsules and they could help prevent further tampering. While at the time of the scare the companys market share collapsed from xxxv percent to eight percent, it rebounded in less than a year, a move credited to the companys prompt and aggressive reaction. In November, it reintroduced capsules but in a new, triple-sealed package, coupled with heavy price promotions and within several years, Tylenol had sound the most popular over-the-counter analgesic in the U. S. A form of copycat attacks involving Tylenol and other products ensued during the following years.One of these incidents occurred in the Chicago area unlike Tylenol, it actually forced the end of the product affected by the hoax, Encaprin, from Procter Gamble. The incident inspired the pharmaceutical, food, and consumer product industries to develop tamper-resistant packaging, such as evidence seals and improved quality control methods. Moreover, product tampering was made a fede ral crime. Additionally, the tragedy prompted the pharmaceutical industry to move away from capsules, which were lenient to contaminate as a foreign substance could be move inside without obvious signs of tampering.Within the year, the FDA introduced more stringent regulations to avoid product tampering. This led to the eventual replacement of the capsule with the solid caplet, a tablet made in the shape of a capsule, as a drug pitching form and with the addition of tamper-evident safety-seals to bottles of many sorts. References (n. d. ). Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http//www. trutv. com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/tylenol_murders/index. hypertext markup language (n. d. ). Retrieved August 30, 2012, from http//iml. jou. ufl. edu/projects/fall02/susi/tylenol. htm (n. d. ). Retrieved August 29, 2012, from http//aboutpublicrelations. net/uczoulas1. htm

IPSR – apache desert ops

It was origin on the wholey intentional to be an awesome and highly manoeuvrable weapons platform to fleck the competency of the Soviet forces as their tanks advanced across the Russian Steppes to fightds occidental Europe. Today, long after the demise of the Cold War, the Apache helicopter has become a key tool in winning the war against terror.Such ar the geographical locations of the Axis of Evil nations, that the ability to operate in ravage milieus is of preponderant importance. To be able to deliver capability in such conditions, the gird forces must also train for warf argon in a quasi(prenominal) environment. The British currently pose armed forces fulfilling operational commitments in Afghanistan and Iraq, and relieve oneself recently conducted training exercises in Oman and Arizona. At present t present are no indications to suggest that the current political situation is about to wobble to any large degree. Therefore, with the promise of depart from opera tions for the foreseeable future, it is jussive mood that the operators and maintainers of all battle-winning equipment go to e truly practicable length to ensure that their equipment is enc mussinesshe for purpose.It could be argued that a modern attack helicopter, with a multitude of high-speed, high-tech, rotating comp matchlessnts, Gordian gadgetry and sensitive sights and weapon systems, all manufactured to close tolerances, presents a lot to consider. Add to that the ever-present consideration of flight safety, which places extra onus on the requirement for absolute reliability, then indeed maintaining Attack Helicopters in leave conditions has the possible to become a veritable minefield.There is much constitutive(a) strength in the design and construction of such rotorcraft but the renounce environment does take a lot out of them and as a consequence reliability suffers. The purpose of this draw is to look special(prenominal)ally at the Apache, now that it has comp lete itself on operations in Afghanistan, and consider what improvements fundament be made to increase serviceability, efficiency and availability.The US array gives assurances that the Apache contributed to the abjure Storm Victory by destroying approximately 500 Iraqi tanks1 and world available over 90% of the time. However, the story behind those numbers is very important in terms of thought this piece of high-tech weaponry. The Apache demanded such a high level of logistic support that the US force engaged in several management initiatives to keep the helicopters escape and reviveed in the gulf.* Over 300 Apaches worldwide were essentially grounded in point to house spare parts for 274 Apaches in the Gulf. Apaches outside of the Gulf flew an average of quad minutes per day, only 10% of normal operations in order to save spare parts.2* Despite receiving massive logistical support, Apaches in the Gulf only flew at or below peacetime rates, even during the ground war r eporting period.3 The peacetime rate is about 1/2 hour of flying per day, averaged over a month. This means that throughout the war Apaches only flew atomic number 53 fifth of the hours the US Army stated it would require for combat4. It is possible that combat objectives for the Apache were achieved during the 100 hour ground war, but even so it rest unclear how a longer conflict would keep back sskilful Apache bring out and readiness.So, in that respect are clformer(a) lessons to be learnt from the American experiences during quit Storm, where the uncut give up environment stretched the supply line to its limits. The British fleet of 67 Apaches is already stretched before the demands of Desert operations take their toll. The British Army must therefore seek styles to minimise the effects of the environment on their helicopters if they are to fulfil their designed bureau on operations. The at large(p) radical go forth consider all aspects of the Apache aircraft and stu dy the effects of the various characteristics of the give up environment on each aircraft system.The prime purpose of the Apache is to act as a flying weapons platform the remainder of the aircrafts systems, although critical in their feature right, are largely irrelevant if the delivery of the weapons payload is compromised because of environmental conditions. The source has consequently selected the weapons systems as his specific area of search and having gathered and digested all of the available evidence, he will be able to offer recommendations that may assist the Apache operators in enabling them to fulfil their federal agency.2. AIMTo identify the minus effects cause by sustained operations in a defect environment and to establish procedures to limit that ravish5.3. GROUP MEMBERS BACKGROUNDS AND PROJECT ROLESThe group has established a clear set of discover objectives, which will encompass both aspect of the aircraft and the cede environment. The group goal is t o puzzle realistic and deliverable outlets. The projects main objectives are* To identify which components are suffering from the effects of scourge operations.* To to a lower placestand the mechanism of the effect.* To develop measures to reduce the effect* To produce a coherent set of procedures to be adopted pre-deployment and during operations.3.1 Authors office and change Objective.The source has 20 historic period experience of aircraft engineering deep down British Army aviation. His is currently sedulous as the manager of ground support elements at a first line aviation regiment. He has previously been gnarled with helicopter fleet management, delivery of technical training, and forward and judgment maintenance.The Authors role inwardly the group is to check how operating in a surrender environment affects the efficacy of attack helicopter weapons systems, and to suggest adjectival changes to advance the effects and overcome tangible tasks.3.2 kickoff Gre wals Role and alter Objective.Runner Grewal has been employed at various British Army Aviation units around the world as a shop appal technician and supervisor and at management levels. During this time he has been involved with several deployments to the Middle tocopherol and has first hand experience of desert operations.Runners role within this project is to explore the way the Apaches engines are affected by the harsh desert environment and to produce recommendations that would enable the effects to be minimised.3.3 Chris Huecks Role and Enabling Objective.Although trained as a toolmaker Chris Hueck has spent the past 15 years in Army Aviation in various theatres of operation and on several furrowcraft types. He has been employed as a shop floor technician and as an Artificer at both first line and depth maintenance levels.Chris role in the group is to examine the effects a desert environment can stupefy on the Main rotor and Tail Rotor Hub and Blades on Apache attack hel icopters, and to find engineering and procedural solutions to limit the damage.3.4 trail Beckwiths Role and Enabling Objective.Bob Beckwith is employed as the leader of the On Site Support group at the painter Business Unit. Although heavily involved with British Army cougar helicopters, he has previously been involved with the delivery of Apache technical training. He initially trained as an avionics technician and through a long period of involvement with British Army Aviation he has accrued a broad depth of knowledge of rotary wing operations.Bobs role is to investigate the effects of the desert environment on the attack helicopter avionics and instrument systems and produce a series of recommendations to minimize these effects.3.5 Daz Rodericks Role and Enabling Objective.Daz Roderick has been employed in outpouring a maintenance section responsible for carrying out the inspection, modification and repair of Army helicopters.His role is to investigate the effects of operati ng in a desert environment on the Attack Helicopter structure and to stash recommendations to ameliorate the effects3.6 David Bowers Role and Enabling ObjectiveDavid Bower has been employed in many aspects of Army aviation including delivery of technical training, as an Engineering Desk Officer in the Lynx Integrated Project Team (IPT) and more recently in forward and depth maintenance of Lynx and Apache helicopters.Davids role in the group is to examine the effect of a desert environment on flight control systems in attack helicopters, providing an understanding of the damaging effect in order to propose mitigating procedures or modifications.3.7 Andy Evans Role and Enabling ObjectiveAndy Evans has been employed in broad ranging aspects of helicopter engineering. He has recently been employed in an accident investigation capacity and this role involved investigation of any incidents resulting from a technical fault.Andys role is to investigate the effects of the desert environment on the AH transmission system and to produce procedural recommendations to counter those effects.4. ANALYSIS OF AUTHORS TASKThe Apache weapons set-up consists of terzetto major subsystems, namely the Area Weapons ashes, the rocket scheme and the rocket engine outline. These systems are linked to some other aircraft and weapons related subsystems such as Longbow Fire mastery Radar (FCR) and target Acquisition and Designation System & Pilots Night Vision System (TADS/PNVS). In turn the FCR and TADS/PNVS interface with the pilots controls and display systems. For simplicity and by way of giving boundaries to the area of research, the causation will be concentrating his research into the electronics and hydro-mechanical aspects of the three main sub systems.Fig 1. Weapon Inventory4.1 The Area Weapons System (AWS).The M139 AWS provides the aircraft with an accurate, quick response weapon for close, medium and long range suppressive fire on soft or medium type targets using a range of 30mm projectiles. The AWS consists of three subsystems* The M230E1 Gun* Turret hookup* ammo Handling SystemFig 2. Area Weapons SystemAncillary subsystems and components pertinent to the operation of the AWS include the System Processors, Controls and Displays subsystem, Utility Hydraulic subsystem, Embedded GPS Inertials (EGI) and Air Data subsystem.This weapon is a crucial component in the Apaches arsenal, and must function as required whilst operating in desert environments. The occasion will conduct research into the current effects of the operations on the AWS and all of its subsystems.4.1.1 It is not anticipated that there will be problems with the numbfish subsystem, as this is a rugged well proven design that is used on various other platforms. It is probable that the only desert caveat required on this subsystem is the requirement for a more frequent and unbending cleaning regime, without the use of excessive lubricants. The indite also suspects that there may be a probability that sand and dust may vitiate the barrel whilst the aircraft is parked he will therefore consider the viability of introducing a muzzle cover to be used on the ground.4.1.2 The Turret Assembly subsystem is hydraulically driven and galvanisingly controlled and provides support and positioning of the gun under all aircraft operating and weapon firing conditions. The hydraulic and electronic aspects should be reliable under desert conditions and therefore fairly trouble free. The one area of potential concern is sand and dust ingress into the gears and bearings within the Azimuth Drive Assembly. The cause will investigate the occurrences of problems on this subsystem it is hazard that a strict cleaning regime would be a adapted and efficient preventative maintenance undertaking to overcome the majority of potential pitfalls.4.1.3 The Ammunition Handling Systems (AHS) primary function is to store, transport and transfer 30mm linkless ammunition for the AWS. T he ammunition is stored in the Ammunition Storage Magazine, and is then transferred to the gun on the right hand side of the aircraft. This is deemed to be the around susceptible subsystem within the AWS to the effects of a desert environment. It has a various sub-components that may be particularly vulnerable to damage through sand and dust contamination.The author will research into the extent of the problems experienced with the AHS and will seek solutions and recommendations accordingly. sign research6 has revealed that the Sideloader Loadhead Assembly which is the electromechanical device that loads ammunition into the AHS is particularly susceptible. It is a complex and luxuriant unit that must be kept free from contamination, the author will determine the exact nature of the concerns and attempt to run some conclusions and recommendations.4.2 The Missile SystemThe Longbow red region Modular Missile System (LBHMMS) provides the primary weapons system for the Apache. It pr ovides combat crews the capability of multiple target reservation indirect fire day, night and adverse weather operation wide range short flight time rapid or flick firing, and fire and forget capability. The LBHMMS consists of three subsystems* Missile Launcher* Missiles* Environmental shelter Covers4.2.1 The Apache can carry up to four M299 launchers, which are fitted to the stores pylons on each the inboard or outboard stations, dependent upon the aircrafts role configuration. The author foresees there being causes for concern regarding certain aspects of the launcher assemblies, in particular* heat of the Launcher Electronic Assembly* Sand contamination of the launcher quetch* Sand contamination of the Umbilical connectors and springsFig 3. The Longbow Hellfire Modular Missile System4.2.2 The projectiles themselves are not deemed to be an area of specific concern. They are stored in almost clinical conditions, and procedure dictates that they are only load up when requir ed. They should therefore be immune to the erosion and excessive heat pictorial matter that may affect other components. However the author is conscious that no stone be left unturned, and will carry out research to confirm his suspicions.4.2.3 The Environmental Protection Covers are not a consideration, as they are the intrinsic anti-deterioration device for the missile system. They comprise frangible covers for the missile tips that are detonated immediately prior to missile launch. This adds further weight to the authors presumption in the strong desert-resistant qualities of the missiles themselves.4.3 The Rocket SystemThe Aerial Rocket Control System (ARCS) enables the rapid and effective delivery of up to seventy sextet 70mm rockets against light armour and soft targets. The ARCS consists of three subsystems* M261 Rocket Launcher* Rockets and Warheads* Controls and Displays4.3.1 The M261 Rocket Launcher is the prime area for concern within the ARCS system. The launcher is o f aluminum construction, which by its very nature is susceptible to sand erosion damage. The author has already been made aware of issues concerning this piece of equipment. The MoD have embossed an urgent requirement for an evaluation of the effects of sand and dust on the lightweight rocket launchers7. The author intends to chase this particular lead and watch the exact nature and extent of the damage being caused, and how the solutions offered by TUV produce service will enhance desert operations.4.3.2 For similar reasons given for the Hellfire Missiles, the author foresees no areas of concern with regards to the Rockets and Warheads or the Controls and Display Subsystems. However, the launcher electrical connections may be susceptible to extreme heat damage, the author will therefore mesh that route of enquiry.5. AUTHORS PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTSHaving changed his Enabling Objective from Avionics and Instruments to Weapons Systems, the author has quickly identified his perso nal areas of concern. Initial research and familiarisation with the Apache weapons systems has identified the most likely areas to be susceptible to the harsh environmental conditions, as detailed in Para 4. The next step is to confirm that the identified problem areas do indeed need addressing. There are plentiful sources of education available and at the time of writing the author is awaiting information from* articulation Helicopter Command* Apache Helicopter Integrated Project Team* 7 Air Asslt Bn REME* 3 & 9 Regt Army Air army corps* Work Recording and Asset Management (WRAM) database.There is also a encounter planned at the Service and Repair Agency at Wattisham, where the weapons system components are repaired and overhauled. Here the author hopes to witness the depth of the damage being caused by desert operations and the level of repair necessary.The net income has proven to be a worthwhile source of information it is from here that the author retrieved statistical data from the US Apache Operations on Desert Storm. Mr Clodfelter of Inter Coastal Electronics has given the author information on the desert performance of the Collective Training System (helicopter laser-quest) however, the author is unlikely to pursue this lead as it is a training system only.The author has been an progressive early contributor to the group as a whole and has been submissive in establishing the Group Site on MSN, which has enabled the transfer of information with ease. He hosted and took the minutes for the first group meeting and was the inspiration behind establishing the Enabling Objectives that would provide deliverable outcomes for all group members. The author continues to search fooling on the internet for useful information that may benefit the outcome of the whole project.6. GROUP ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROGRESSThe group has gelled early, and the quickly established EOs8 which have enabled individual group members to concentrate on specific areas of researc h. This was achieved by prison-breaking down the aircraft into its main systems. There will certainly be areas that have the potential to overlap, for instance the author may well have include TADS/PNVS as part of the weapons system whilst it would also be correct for Bob Beckwith to have considered it as an avionics subsystems. Regular emails and the use of the Group MSN page has prevented surprise by encouraging regular and effective communication.The group has held two meetings hence far, discounting the initial formation at Kingston, and fall-out from these has been essential in providing momentum for project progression. There has been strong teamwork evident at these meetings, with responsibility for chairing the meetings and writing the minutes being equally shared. It is essential that a full group meeting takes place during the first reading week at Kingston in November to enable the non-Wattisham based members to offer face to face input. A specific area to be addressed is the comparison of log books as there is evidence of some discrepancy in the layout and compilation.7. CONCLUSIONAt this early stage it is difficult for all individuals to be certain of their specific avenues of research. each group members have identified the areas that they suspect may be susceptible, and have made initial approaches to various agencies in the hope that they prove to be fruitful. There is certainly scope for some meaningful research and a definite requirement for improved performance in a desert environment. The team is focussed, professional and each member has a clearly defined objective.

Irony in Antigone: King Creon Essay

In the tragedy Antig whizz, Sophocles pens a tale about a dauntless and distrustful king, Creon, and his misuse of the power he possesses. In the merriment he disregards the law of the gods to fit his whims, something that the heroine of the play, Antigone, wholeheartedly disagrees with she disobeys his order to leave her dead brother, Polynices, unburied and sentences herself to goal in the process. Antigone is engaged to Creons son, Haemon, who does not agree with his acquires actions in regard to the burial of Antigones traitorous brother.The disagreement between father and son leads to Haemons suicide ironically, Creon thinks it is his bearing that result be taken and not his sons. Creon and Haemon argue about Antigones impending fate their disagreement on the subject prompts a affright from Haemon No. Dont ever hope for that. Shell not swoon with me just standing there. And as for you your eyes will never foregather my face again. So let your rage charge on among your friends Who extremity to stand by you in this (870-875) Haemon declares that Antigone will not die without reception from himself Creon will never see Haemon again because if Antigone is killed Haemon plans to join her in goal by his own hand. Haemon then says that Creons rage will crash Haemons own hand to do something that Creon will regret. Creon does not pull in that Haemon is threatening his own deportment instead, he believes that his own life is creation threatened, and his reactions to Haemons words are lined with fear, ignorance, and irony.The irony of the situation is that Creon is so blinded by his own ego that he thinks his own life is in danger, when it is actually his sons that is. Creon only realizes the error of his assumptions and actions after(prenominal)wards Haemon commits suicide. More irony arises with the finale of Haemon he has joined Antigone in death to have what Creon denied them while living each other. At the close of the play Antigone, Ha emon, and Eurydice, Creons wife, have all committed suicide because of Creons actions.Creon is envious through the entire play in the beginning he accuses Antigone and Ismene of plotting to buy his throne, saying You thereyou snake lurking in my house, sucking out my lifes blood so secretly. Id no nous I was nurturing two pests, who aimed to rise against my throne. Come here. (607-610) These words are enjoin towards Ismene more so than Antigone because Creon already suspects her of wrongdoing. He is surprised to see Ismene lurking in the shadows as she eavesdrops on the judgment of Antigone upon seeing Ismene, Creon is convinced that she has conspired with Antigone to steal his life and throne.In short, he is aware of one pest, Antigone, scarce does not reckon Ismene as a pest until she is disc everywhereed eavesdropping. After Ismene is discovered Creon calls her over to be judged alongside Antigone. This is the first sign of Creons extreme irresolution that the reader sees not only does he accuse Antigone and Ismene of conspiring to steal his kingship, but he accuses them of trying to take his life as well. Creons suspicion of his impending death is ironic because at the end of the play some(prenominal) Antigone and Haemon take their own lives instead of Creons.Creon does not realize the damage he has caused until it is too late to fix the time for rectification of the situation has passed and he feels deep anguish at the loss of his son. He never imagines that Haemon wheel spoke of killing himself when they had their exchange of words forward in the play when coterminous to Haemons corpse Creon says Aaiiimistakes made by a false mind, inhuman mistakes that bring on death. You see us here, all in one family the killer and the killed. Oh the profanity of what I planned. Alas, my son, you died so younga death before your time. Aaiii . . . aaiii . . . oure dead . . . gonenot your own insaneness but mine. (1406-1414)Creon explains with grief that he now realizes his actions caused the death of Haemon his mistakes are condemnable and Haemon is gone not of his own foolishness, but of Creons. Further irony shows after Creon discovers that his wife, Eurydice, is also dead he asks for death by double-edged sword, when earlier he was extremely fearful about his own death and importunate about not dying. He says, Aaaii . . . My fear now answers me tremble. Why wint someone now strike out at me, shove my heart with a double bladed sword? How miserable I am . . . aaiii . . . how full of misery and pain . . . (1453-1457). Creon begs for the death that he is immoderately obsessed with earlier in the play it takes the fulfillment of Haemons threats to make Creon seek death, and is most definitely ironic in comparison to his military posture towards death earlier in the play. Ironically, Creon now feels the misery of Antigone and Haemon, which he caused he pierces each of their hearts respectively when he denies Antigone prope r burial of her brother, Polynices, and when he denies Haemon his bride, Antigone.Creons final words are Then take this foolish man away from here. I killed you, my son, without intending to, and you, as well, my wife. How useless I am, I dont know where to look or find support. Everything I touch goes wrong, and on my head fate climbs up with its overwhelming load. (1485-1490) one time filled with immense confidence and arrogance, Creon now feels helpless and useless ironically, he feels hopeless and distraught not because of anyone trying to steal his power or take his life, but because of his own distrustful actions and ignorant thoughts that cause his valet to unravel before his very eyes.

God’s Wrath Essay

1. To whom is the sermon addressed?To congregation, people who gather and work out religious worship.2. According to Edwards, why is theology furyful?Beca practice people ar evil and wicked sinners and gods wrath is never destruction and high-handed.3. Reread the sixth paragraph. What people, according to Edwards, are not in the workforce of this angry divinity fudge? How is this state achieved?People who have reformed their disembodied spirit in many ways and have had religious affections, along with property forms of religion withing you contribute and families as well as in the house of god.4. Figurative linguistic process is language that tail endnot be taken literally since it was written to produce a certain effect. Edwards makes effective use of figurative language as he speaks of God s wrath. Find three examples of his use of figurative language and explain why they are effective.The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present The bow of God s wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and judge bends the arrow at your heart and if God should let you go, you would at a cartridge holder sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf Edward uses the intelligence service wrath many times, meaning intense fury. Thus, repeating the word he creates a sharp piercing tone that hits you hard. He creates great reverence from the second example especially by mentioning that the arrow is pointed directly at ones heart. These metaphors, and figurative language are not hard to understand. Edward meant for it to be this way. unitary should understand the wrath of god, and know fear, know that eternal perish can be cast upon you with a flick. He mainly uses imagery, rhetorical strategies, and repittion to rent his piercing and fearful tone.5. Using the list of tone words as a guide, make a list of 20 words in this selection that produce tone or attitude.Misery, dreadful, wrath, avail, wickedness, contr ivance, prudence, sovereign, corruption, fury, destruction, chaff, rapid, vengeance, treasuring, fierceness, inconceivable, omnipotent, stoutest, endure.6. How does Edwards sermon reflect the ideals of this time period?He reflects the ideals as in truth believing. Believing in sizeable and evil, along with higher powers and an after flavour. Showing that the people were indeed very religious. It also reflects ideals about religion controlling a way of life and that the more religious someone is the more respected and higher up they are. He expands on various things but sticking with main and exacting religious principles showing us many things about how people would dress this and react.7. Explain how his sermon connects to a concept or theme in The Crucible. They both have to deal with sinning, and the consequences that come with it. The wrath, and fury which should spread fear. both(prenominal) have unique tones witch go straight to the heart so to the brain. Reaching an ult imate piercing effect amplified by fear which is wrath induced.

Example of report Essay

Thinking is easy, acting is difficult, and put ones thoughts into action is the most difficult thing in the world. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German Playwright, Poet, Novelist and Dramatist. 1749-1832)Looking mainstay at the reviewer career, the important of precise thought process to success in the career thinking skills is real, disciples may not know how to actually drill the discipline that receive to real world application culture, or lives a life that demands them to talk, read or write to prove proficiency? faultfinding thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the understand the logical connections between ideas, identify, construct and evaluate arguments, detect inconsistencies and cat valium mistakes in reasoning, solve problems systematically, identify the relevance and importance of ideas and reflect on the justification of ones own beliefs and values. searing thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a surfaceable shop and who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what school-age child knows, and provide knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to want relevant sources of information to inform.Critical thinking should not be confused with being eristical or being critical of other people. Although critical thinking skills posterior be used in exposing fallacies and bad reasoning and constructive tasks. Critical thinking can help us acquire knowledge, repair our theories, and tone up arguments. We can use critical thinking to enhance work processes and change social institutions.Start from the week two, first exercise has started. On the foster week, student required to buy the naturals such as artline pens 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8, entirelyter pad, layout pad , expert pen, regal bond, cutting mat and etc. In the first exercise, a student has to draw a box of 6x6cm with a title visual Element of Form. For the first time, the very 1st sketch was using numbers game to determine the dots, line, shape and volume. First time and the reciprocal ohm time squander been rejected and required to improve the artistic creations. The third time has accepted and it was quatern distinguishable types of flowers.In week three, the second exercise were introduced and the title is experience of Form. On the third week, before starting the second exercise, students required to bailiwick the auditions which were tending(p) on the duty assignment briefing. Students ease up to draw the same boxes on the layout pad or butter pad or regal bond. come upon of Form is about the positive and the negative under seven rules which is detachment, union, intersect, overlap, touching, suffusion and subtraction. The first artwork was failure and required to improve. For the second artwork was all over success.In week cardinal, the third exercise of the assignment one has given by the reviewer and the title is Space and Depth. Before starting the exercise, students remove to understand what to draw and how to draw, how to start. For the first part of the exercise, student has to do boxes with four instruction which is increase, playful, congested and tension.And as for second part, students have to do A3 size artwork with four themes which is peace, war, hope and struggle. With these four themes was hard to choose but ended up with hope. The first artwork was failure and required to improve. For the second artwork was complete success and accepted.At the lecture class which held on week five, the lecturer play a video named Three Idiots which is evoke and funny, some moral values and the way to show critical thinking to argue the logic point.The last exercise of assignment one was called Orisimstylization, and question student to get a sample of the existing man-made object, animate being and human model. The last exercise strictly follows back the exercise in the second box while the third was rather interesting collectible to use students style and the originality. For the last exercise, the first artwork was failure again and required to improve again. The second artwork was the different advertising models and has been accepted.In week six, students have to hand in the assignment one along with the front cover and back cover. But because a lot of student have fail to show a good and presentable assignment, whole of the exercise along the cover have to improve and the deadline was postponed to the week 9 with along assignment two.In week seven, the lecturer introduces the assignment two which consisting two part, one was to do Repetition social unit and Flat political program while the another were Application. The Unit and Flat Plan, requires student to draw one selected image over on internet o r any media that can be used to inquired an image. Then on the 11 inch small boxes over 9 x12 grid, student have to draw on it to show the repetition. As for the Application, using the same size of the 912 inch over the layout pad, draw an image of the selected material of object to describe the repetition.Example, a t-shirt was used and draw at layout paper, then by applying the selected sample on the Unit and Flat Plan it will show the texture inlayed on the selected application. Around week eightsome and clubhouse was the week where the lecturer giving opportunity to student to seek and given advice to for their assignment progression.With some feed back by the lecturer, student then improve student artwork while along training some of the creative and critical thinking over several sample of video given by the lecturer. Within at week nine the student has to do their final makeup before hand in the assignment one along the current second assignment to the lecturer at office a round Friday at 12.00 to 12.30pm sharp. With this, the whole assignment one and second has done and hand in by that day.

South Africa Gdp Compared to Brazil’s

individualized quote Through economics, engineer the world ECONOMICS 232 BRAZIL- SA REPORT founding In 2010, southeastward Africa joined The BRIC and set its level of ambition non however as an African leader, but also as an appear world class economy along Russia, China, India and brazil nut. This reputation result break and look at the economic tr curiositys and fluctuations between the later and South Africa from the twelvemonth 2000 to 2010 using released World Bank entropy. AnalysisAccording to the World Bank, South Africa GDP was of just about one hundred and thirty two billion in 2000 patch brazil-nut trees was at six hundred and forty 4 billion Dollars. Over the following decade 2000 2010, the two economies registered a gigantic and equal improvement of their total production with a respective sum up of 41 % for South Africa and 42% in the case of Brazil. The GDP per capita on the other hand attachd at a lower esteem over the same period. While South Africa leveled up by 22. 4%, Brazil bettered its GPD per capita by 25 . %. This further entails a GDP every year annex of $ 1095 /capita with regards to the former, and $1409/capita for the later. A better look at aggregate expenditure components will provide more detailed resources in explaining the in a higher place increase of GDP within the two economies. In 2000, South Africa and Brazil uptake by households ( C ) was about 63% and 64% of GDP, largely above the light of the components where total gross capital formation ( I ) lie low with 16% and 18% respectively, and lastly a total political sympathies expenditure ( G ) of 18 and 19%.As it appears, the two economies spent relatively equivalent proportions of their expenditure aggregate component on GDP. At the end of the decade,2010, total consumption ( C ) rose by 49 % for twain economies, Investment ( I ) strongly incremented by 93% with regards to South Africa and 52% in the case of Brazil which correlated with a respecti ve increase of 3. 17% and 45% increase in the money supply in both(prenominal) countries over the period.Parallel to the increase in GDP, the two economies registered noticeable increases of receipts Value Added ( VGA ). In fact, between 2000 and 2010, South Africa VGA increased by 38% piece of music Brazil as usual experienced a bittie higher accretion of 41 %. Looking at sectorial contribution, tertiary sector imparted for more than half of total VGA in 2000 as illustrated by the graphs below. 1. 1 South Africa World Bank 2000 entropy compendium sectorial Contribution to VGA . 2 Brazil World Bank 2000 data analysis Sectorial contribution to VGA In 2010, South Africa tertiary contribution to VGA scarce increased marginally by 3% and hence moved from 65% in 2000 to 68% in 2010 where it leveled up to Brazils. Conversely, primary and supplemental sector contribution deteriorated between 2000 and 2010 . The South African primary sector declined from 3% to 2% while the lowe r-ranking also experienced a marginal decline of 3%.On that point, Brazil went through proportional changes with secondary sector falling from 28% to 25%, leaving the primary with a small yet surprising amelioration of its contribution from 5. 60% to 5. 86% . Graph 2. 1 and 2. 2 provide a more opthalmic depiction of the above facts. 2. 1 South Africa World Bank 2010 data analysis Sectorial contribution to VGA 2. 2. Brazil World Bank 2010 data analysis Sectorial contribution to VGA Besides the above increase in VGA, another important factor to be onsidered is how the level of openness of both countries drastically evolved over the decade 2000 -2010. South Africa exports incremented by 13% while Brazils skyrocketed by 86%. This implies that Brazil opened to the rest of the world at a much higher level, local firms increase into world competitors, which not only appreciated the countrys money but increased its competiveness and decreased dependency on imported products. South Afri ca imports increased by 73% in contrast to Brazil which only increased by 21%.This high level of imports from South Africa will eventually result in the deterioration of the balance of payment. Moreover, while Brazil rate of unemployment oscillated between 6 and 9% over the decade, South Africa experienced a rather high rate of unemployment, the lowest in 2007 and 2008 with an average rate of 23% and the highest between 2002 and 2003 with an average of 31%. Conclusion This report deciphered and revealed an objective analysis of two BRICS economies, precisely South Africa and Brazil over ten years, 2000-2010. Erouane Langard 747 Words

New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory

Human intellectual to the initiation of the minuscule atoms had transmuted over the passing of duration. some(prenominal) scientist physicists had al intimately given up their entire life in order to reach a implanter view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had attained to be acknowledged by the Nobel Peace Price for Physics more or less this matter. cardinal of them were Erwin Schrdinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the fall in Kindom. Their contri simplyions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the theory of negatrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the denudation of new productive forms of atomic possibility.To know how atomic theory is colligate with cast mechanics, Schrdinger explained the distinguishable phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a radical concerned with the falsify in the direction of rest as it passes by several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrdinger emphasized that the way of life of smartness rays can be predicted if we will take in dickens simple laws, they were the law of subjection by Snellius a some centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes date back 2,000 historic period ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the rehearse of convex and cuplike lenses which were impersonate in the mechanism of a squash and a camera. The position of refraction was cited by Schrdinger as a solvent of Fermats principle.Fermats principle states that easygoing propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human eye is the path that could speedily fetch the light mites to its speech (Schrdinger, 1933). If there is a need to refract and suppose the light intends not to refract, it would mean of a delay. Refraction happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrdinger gave an lesson.The path that temperatenesslight takes is earthward alternatively than the shor ter continuous path beca mapping light particles tend to take the higher alacritous layers to reach its destination more quickly. Refraction of the sun is observed when it is deep smoothen in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is crudely observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in one medium, introduce wet and half part into an early(a) medium, say air. Schrdinger further explained it by analyse the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least(prenominal) time possible.Fermats principle was then comp ared to the discovery of Hamilton that avowedly fold points (components of matter) drift in forces field is governed by the afore verbalize(prenominal) said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the speedy way, example would be in a planet revolving around the sun or a stone thrown in a consistenc y of water. unless the analogy of matter with the lights tendency for shortest travel time would pipe down arise. After this observation, the proposition that matter has a wave seat had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of negatrons and Positrons on the other break supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of diverse kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of mere(a) particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a sort of reflect anatomy of the electrons, differing from them just now in the sign of their electric take down), and the heavier particles protons and neutrons.Dirac foc substance abuse on the canvass of electrons and po sitrons because of various reasons. He emphasized that we must first allot how theory can give any data on the properties of bare(a) particles. global quantum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is entirely relevant to particles having small velocities.It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, introduction of relativistic quantum mechanics had thus far pushed by (Pfeifer, 2004) which, according to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with dictatorial properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons much(prenominal) as observing their spin properties (Dirac, 1933).To learn a background virtually electron, it is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a ban charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequence periodical motion of small bountifulness rather than the s number 1 movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the velocity of an electron to be suitable at any time to the velocity of light. This prediction cannot be turn out by experiment as of Diracs time since the relative frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still retrieve this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the other charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low zip fastener positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the doing of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933). This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, coming from the said dis coverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggested to change the come to of electron to negatron and then later on change the use of electron as the generic term for both the positively and negatively charge subatomic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe contemplate about the excellent atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going til now deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in tv sets and calculating machine monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of utilise beams to generate patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and contagion electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High zippo Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most current innovations man had discovered to pile up benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the promisc uous Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, radiation therapy makes use of electron beams for handling of looking tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the earthly concern but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in mans imagination if he will use it or not against him and unto others.ReferencesPfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an triggerRetrieved June 4, 2007, fromhttp//www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). guess of electrons and positrons Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ natural philosophy/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrdin ger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics. Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElectron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PositronNew Productive Forms of Atomic TheoryHuman understanding to the world of the minuscule atoms had changed over the passing of time. Several scientist physicists had almost devoted their entire life in order to achieve a better view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had attained to be acknowledged by the Nobel Peace Price for Physics about this matter. Two of them were Erwin Schrdinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the United Kindom. Their contributions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the Theory of Electrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.To know how atomic theory is related with wave mechanics, Schrdinger explained the different phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a topic concerned with the change in the direction of light as it passes through several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrdinger emphasized that the path of light rays can be predicted if we will consider two simple laws, they were the law of refraction by Snellius a few centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes dated back 2,000 years ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the use of convex and concave lenses which were present in the mechanism of a telescope and a camera. The occurrence of refraction was cited by Schrdinger as a result of Fermats principle.Fermats principle states that light propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human eye is the path that could quickly fetch the light particles to its destinat ion (Schrdinger, 1933). If there is a need to refract and suppose the light intends not to refract, it would mean of a delay. Refraction happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrdinger gave an example. The path that sunlight takes is earthward rather than the shorter straight path because light particles tend to take the higher faster layers to reach its destination more quickly.Refraction of the sun is observed when it is deep down in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is commonly observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in one medium, say water and half part into another medium, say air. Schrdinger further explained it by comparing the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least time possible.Fermats principle was then compared to the discovery of Hamilton that true mass points (components of matter) movement in forces field is governed by the same said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the quickest way, example would be in a planet revolving around the sun or a stone thrown in a body of water. But the analogy of matter with the lights tendency for shortest traveling time would still arise. After this observation, the proposition that matter has a wave property had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of Electrons and Positrons on the other hand supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of various kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of elementary particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a sort of mirror image o f the electrons, differing from them only in the sign of their electric charge), and the heavier particles protons and neutrons.Dirac focused on the study of electrons and positrons because of various reasons. He emphasized that we must first consider how theory can give any data on the properties of elementary particles. General quantum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is only applicable to particles having small velocities. It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, introduction of relativistic quantum mechanics had yet pushed through (Pfeifer, 2004) which, according to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with arbitrary properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons such as observing their spin properties (Dirac, 1933).To have a background about electron, it is a fundamental subato mic particle that carries a negative charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequency oscillatory motion of small amplitude rather than the slow movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the velocity of an electron to be equal at any time to the velocity of light. This prediction cannot be proved by experiment as of Diracs time since the frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still believe this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the opposite charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low energy positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the production of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933) . This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, coming from the said discoverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggested to change the name of electron to negatron and then later on change the use of electron as the generic term for both the positively and negatively charge subatomic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe study about the minute atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going even deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of using beams to generate patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most curre nt innovations man had discovered to gain benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, radiation therapy makes use of electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the humans but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in mans judgment if he will use it or not against him and unto others.ReferencesPfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an Introduction Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). Theory of electrons and positrons Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelp rize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrdinger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics. Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElectron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron

Summary of the Lesson

Toni Cade Bambara Lesson for Change Toni Cade Bambara was a renowned author, educator and civil objurgates activist. She created short stories that drew attention and sentience to the friendly, political and economic issues of her cadence. Bambara al representations insisted that social commitment is inseparable from the proceeds of art. (Andrews, Foster and Harris 22) The Lesson, published in 1972, is a short story from the collection, Gorilla, My live. This storys purpose was to drive the social inequalities that were prevalent inwardly the urban community to the forefront of the minds of the readers.The intention was not only to bring the issues to light, but to empower people to make the necessary changes in their lives and to wash up and demand their share of the pie (542). The Lesson introduces us to an undereducated group of nipperren from a poor urban community and the charwoman who takes them through this journey of disco very(prenominal), flatten Moore. The sto ry is told through a first-person narrative by a y forbiddenhful Afri toilette American girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a tough, proud, stubborn child that keeps her received thoughts and emotions hidden outside.She begins the story by introducing us to neglect Moore, with whom she is not specially fond of. Her opinion of recede Moore seems to be largely affected by the influences of the adults in her bearing. This begins to show us how a lack of parental rightfield can affect the minds and perceptions of our children. I agree with this because my children emulate everything I do. As a single mother, all of their attention is on me and for the first some crucial years of development, I am their only teacher. They will look out from these experiences and examples that we set .The parents in The Lesson do not seem to be very responsible the children are often pawned off on their aunt and they emit negatively of Miss Moore when she is not around. Miss Moore is an educated black woman who seeks to educate the children about the ways of the world. Shed been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones education (537). She is the perfect example of a good role model. It is a summer sidereal day, Sylvia isnt happy when Miss Moore gathers them up for yet another lesson.On this particular day Miss Moore is asking the children questions concerning money. She explains to them about expenses and how the money aint divided up right in this country (538). They take a trip to Fifth driveway to visit a F. A. O. Schwartz, a high end hornswoggle store. When they pay off she has them look through the window to view the displays. One of the children, Ronald, shows interest in a microscope that costs $300. They discuss how long it would likely take to fall in it and one of them suggests that he would outgrow it first.Miss Moore tells them you never outgrow learning instruments (539). reading is her next valid point, to be successful and change your way of disembodied spirit you need to be educated. You are never too old to captivate an education and improve your chances in a give away life, and I am living proof of this. I need been out of school for cardinal years and I want a better life for my family. I am back in school being a better role model and getting the skills needed to improve our quality of life They continue looking through the window of the store. Then, they see a sailing boat priced at $1195.They are all shocked, and now Miss Moore tells them its time to go inside. Miss Moore lets them take the lead. Sylvia is reluctant to go through the door, and she doesnt understand it I feel funny, shame. But what do I sire to be shamed about? (541). As they make their way to the sailboat, everyone rap toeing around, afraid to touch anything- Sylvia compares it to a Catholic church. When they get there, Sylvia just stares at the price tag. Then, Sugar runs her fingers across the boat , do Sylvia jealous and angry. She hides the way she feels and lets Miss Moore endure that she wants to leave.The experience has opened her eyes to this other end of the spectrum of society. I believe this is to show how the other side lives to drive the readers to pursue more than for themselves. While I understand the need for Bambara to use the uttermost(prenominal) examples in the story, at the same time the costs are too extreme even for now. It is unrealistic the majority of Americans could never afford to throw away that much money on a toy. As a child I was not as unfortunate as the children in this story, we started out in a trailer park and built up a better life for ourselves.Even now, I never would have had a toy that costs as much as a car. On the way home Sylvia starts calculating and contemplating all the things that could be done with that amount of money- rent, bills, groceries, vacations. She wants to know who these people are and what kind of work they do how they live and how postdate we aint in on it? (542). She is angry with Miss Moore for making her aware of her quality of life. When Miss Moore asks them about the day, Sugar responds clearly in a way that shows she understood the lesson. This is not much of a land if you ask me.Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal part at the dough, dont it? (543). though Sylvia is stubborn and wont reveal her thoughts you know she understands too. She knows that there is more out there for her and can strive to make her life better. She walks away thinking about the day and becomes empowered saying, aint nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. Though Toni Cade Bambara wrote this story about the African American communities in the 1960s and the social inequalities that they faced- this storys lessons are still extremely valid.I fell that though she used extreme circumstances, they were necessary to paint the picture. Without the imagry the point wouldnt have had the same impact. It is up to you to make the necessary changes in your life to succeed. collar by example and dont settle for less because your early is in your hands. Works Cited Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris. Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. n. d. Bambara, Toni Cade. The Lesson. The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Pearson, 2011. Print.

In Jean Paul Sartre’s novel Nausea

In Jean Paul Sartres novel Nausea, the origin of Roquentins illness is sh feature to be the essence by which involvements be named and which bits as a faade over the more honest-to-god nature of their existence. Throughout his experience, Roquentin realizes that much of what is touted as important in life-time is re every last(predicate)y non-essential. In point, he finds that the deepest mysteries are hidden by a more frivolous veneer of plurality, to which pot give names ground on their attributes.These plural marks he finds himself abhorrenceed withbeginning with the stone he held in his hand at his moment of epiphany. This nausea that is experienced by Roquentin is in direct contrast to privateity, because at root he believes that each comes down to existence. People and intentions exist that is either that locoweed and should be verbalise about them. All their other attributes are sheerly decoys blinding people to the real truth about themselves and their world . Therefore, any individualism is a mere illusion, and further claims made by persons concerning ideologies are simply efforts at distracting oneself from the befuddle mystery of existence.Roquentins nausea manifests itself as a reaction to the nominal phrase nature of objects. This estimation of naming objects (nouns) is one that distracts the mind from the fact that the object is in that location, in existence, without any real explanation as to why it exists. Roquentin says, Everywhere, now, there are objects like this glass of beer on the table there. When I actualize it, I feel like saying Enough (Sartre, 8). In fact, this is the personal manner his nausea reacts to all attributes of objects, including color, taste, and other features by which people describe them.The sagacity of an object as a blue book, for instance, explains away the existence of the object and prevents one from marveling at the fact that it exists at all. This kind of apprehension can occur most read ily when a thing can be seen, and this explains why Roquentins nausea occurs unless in the light. The light, according to the argumentation put forth by Roquentin, is where an objects existence becomes obscured. In the dark (or even in the mind of a subject who thinks of the object) the unconscious is likely to think of the thing only in terms of its being therethat is, being in existence. However, in the light, the senses are apt to plonk up such things as shape, color, and text. These peripheral things are mere distractionsfrivolities that deal out to concoct a reason for the things existence and to divert the mind from the punishing fact of the thing.In the same way, Roquentins nausea rises against personalities of his and past eras, and this can be seen as a method of criticizing any tendency toward individualism. This can be seen as he views certain paintings and portraits of personalities. It can besides be seen in his abhord reaction to such persons as the Self-Taugh t Man and others, whose past lives he comes to dismiss as being non-existent like all things past. These people, he argues, find succumbed to an illusion of past glory and exploits, and from this have come to deny their own existence by promoting their essence.In contrast, Roquentin views such historical personalities as Robespierre, Lenin, and Cromwell all as one (Sartre, 69). This proceeds from the idea (noted earlier) that the attributes of a given thing act as a glare that prevents the viewing of the more important fact of existence which lies beyond the glare. Following this reasoning, then anything or anyone that seeks to make a name for himself and denies his/her oneness with the inexplicable existence of the universe acts futilely.The work that Roquentin constructs more or less the marquess Rollebon is described as conjecture rather than reality. In fact, the only reality that Roquentin acknowledges is the present. This underlines the concept within the novel that debunks individualism, as Roquentins mine of the past to create the marquis can only create a false version of the man. This is further demonstrated in the fact that the marquis life is recreated only through retelling his actions or describing his features. Yet, these are both examples of the things that nauseate Roquentinthe very attributes that distract from the mystery of the marquis existence.In fact, Roquentin says of Rollebon, He is a spill the beans of fog and desire, he is pale as death in the glass, Rollebon is dead, (Sartre, 102). The importation of this is that, through Roquentins book, these attributes start out to bury the fact that Rollebon is dead and hence no longer in existence. It is existence that is important. Non-existence equals unimportance, regardless of ones attributes and exploits. Therefore, Roquentin ceases to continue theme Robellons history. This idea can be further generalized to all persons who somehow become distinct from all others in existence (whet her by naming at birth or subsequent celebrity) as this is all bastardlyingless.The nausea experienced by Roquentin is also a reaction to kind-hearted beings tendency to generalize ideas and form them into ideologies. His reaction to Self-Taught Mans fabianism highlights the movement as a frivolous regard for brothers, sisters, fellow human beings and mankind which in reality are names and attributes that merely mask a more homogeneous existence that is common to all that are in the world. This existence unites man with animal and with inanimate objects, and any attempt to individualize or distinguish those things around which ideologies are formed is fruitless.Roquentin also refers to what he terms contingency. He writes, The essential thing is contingency. I mean that one cannot define existence as necessity (Sartre, 131). This hints at the idea that any particular reason concocted by the human mind that points toward the conduct for a things existence is beside the point of existence, which is by no means essential. In Roquentins conception, therefore, such explanations are non-essential. The only thing that matters is that a thing exists at all, and not ideologies that explain why it exists.The nausea that is experienced by Roquentin exists as a result of his growing disgust with the nominalization of the homogeneous world. He experiences a vertiginous reaction to the illumination of individual objects, which highlights the things attributes. Yet it is these attributes that most prevent the apprehension of their gruelling existence, as they offer an illusory reason for the things other inexplicable presence in the world.This represents a form of individualism that Roquentin believes is a faade, as all things (persons, objects, animals, etc.) are one in existence. This idea, which is the origin of Roquentins nausea, presents therefore an argument against individualism. It also presents a similar argument against ideology, as these so-called universal concepts are based on beliefs about (or on attributes of) particular thingsand these attributes in reality do not exist.Work CitedSartre, Jean Paul. Nausea. modern York New Directions Publishing Corporation.

Civilization and Medicinal Uses

1. How is the uncovering of beer linked to the emergence of the first civilization?A The discovery of beer is linked to the emergence of the first civilizations beca character, a change happened around 12,000 old age ago when the nomads deserted there migratory ways, settled down and took up farming. When they began to farm and collect grains thats when beer was discovered. Therefore beer is linked to the first civilizations emergence by the sudden adoption of farming.2. How is the production of beer an example of plant vapidness?A For something to be domesticated it has to be grown or blood line for a specific purpose. Well the plants/grains utilise to make beer were given still that, a purpose to be grown.3. What sources does Standage use to gather his information on beer?A Ballinger, Clint. Beer Production in the Ancient Near East. Unpublished paper, ain communication.Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America A History of Beer and Ale in the United States.capital of Massachusetts Little, Brown, 19624. What were some of the uses for beer?A Beer was as a currency scarce it was as well as used medicinally. The workers that built the pyramids were paid in beer and bread, the standard amount from each iodin worker got was three or four loafs of bread and two jugs (contains octette liters). Tablets from the Egyptian records that date back to 2100 BCE contains list that different medicinal uses for beer.The Ebers paper plant yet another medical text for the uses of beer that dates around 1550 BCE , contains many recipes for the medicinal uses of beer but combined with otheringredients . Half an onion mixed with beer was utter to cure constipation.5. How did beer civilize man according to Standage?A Beer permeated the lives of Egyptians and Mesopotamians from the cradle to the grave. Their warmth for it was almost inevitable because of the emergence of complex societies, the need to keep pen records, and the popularity of beer all from surplus of grain. (S tandage, 39)What he is saying here is that no one could over look or avoid there excitement for the beer because it brought by more civilized societies, made them keep up with written records to chief down the process to make the beer, and that beer became so popular and so for sale because of the numerous counts of grains that they had access to know that they had taken up farming and gathering.6. apologise the relationship between beer writing, commerce, and health?A Beer and writings relationship is that in order for the process of making beer to not only be remembered but also passed down generations, the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians had to make clay tablets. These had the processes, medicinal uses, and ingredients written on their faces. Beer and commerces relationship was created when both civilizations used beer as a currency.They used this beverage as means of payment for the builders of the Great Pyramids. On that note this is why the builders on the third Giza pyram id were known as the Drunkards of Menkaure. Lastly, Beer and healthy relationships come from both civilizations use of this beverage for medicinal purposes. They used ingredients mixed with beer to cure a wide variety of illnesses or discomforts.WINE1. How did the use of wine differ from the use of that in quaint Greece and capital of Italy?A Wine was seen as a symbol of wealth, he chose not the inveterate Mesopotamian culture beverage but the elegant wine. Carved stone shows him imbibing wine from a bowl not beer. Beer was not used that much for gathering and festalthough it was provided, guest would choose the new drink over there native beer. It was regarded as an exotic drink and it high price and sacristy made it worthy of the gods themselves.2. What did drinking wine symbolize in ancient Greece and Rome?A Drinking wine in ancient Rome and Greece was an emblem of power, prosperity, and privilege.3. How was wine consumed? Is this similar to or different from beer consumptio n in Mesopotamia/Egypt?A The Pharaohs tasted the wine and made their own vineyards near the deltas of the Nile, for this was a smear with rich soil. They made it to where the production outside of their own vineyards was limited. However in Mesopotamia the elegant yet powerful wine was restricted only to that of the flush(p) because of the lands incapability to support larger surpluses of the wine.4. How did the use of wine differ in the

Purpose and Meaning of Education Essay

Poverty is my pride, struggle is my counsel of life, education is my utensil and love of Allah is my strength. (Hazrat Mohammad PBUH). Education in its general sense is a blueprint of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from unriv each(prenominal)ed generation to the next through and through teaching, training, research, or simply through auto-didacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the musical mode one thinks, feels, or acts. Islam has put great stress on Education. The precise first word of the first revelation was Iqra means read. The devoted Quran emphasizes more that recognizeking of knowledge is compulsory upon either man woman. Islam has granted very clear instructions for the Education and has made it compulsory for all the genders equally. The adjudicate of education according to Islam is to serve the humanity in all(prenominal) possible way and lead a peaceful life b y obeying the commandments of Allah (the only creator of the entire universe).Lack of education is the root causa of every trouble and misery. It is education only by which we seat toy change, peace as well as prosperity in the world. Our condition should be clear in this regard that the only possible way to set up human life as better as we can is education only. We know very well that education is the only artillery which is the best anti-biotic to every roughshod cause. We can destroy every evil strength through this weapon and bring desirable changes in every part of the globe. Today when we look at the world we find it shared on the bases of religion, race, colour, caste, creed and tribe. Sectarian and ethnic discrimination has drawn the boundaries of nauseate and egotism. We can overcome all these by spreading education in the entire world and straighten out it a way towards social and international br otherwisehood on the basis of humanity.Past history proves that human is the or so furious creature on this planet which is why today we see this bloody picture and insecurity all over the world however if we adopt the education in our characters and deeds we can surely make this world a better place to live on. When we speak somewhat standard education it means there should be same and qualitative education across the world so that every human creation can seek it in the very same like others do. threadbare education will destroy the poverty, misery, and hunger from the world. No any other human doctrine can stop the destruction of human beings take out the education as it the need of the hour as well as the only way for the survival of humanity.Conclusion.From the above mentioned facts and realities it is quite clear that the meaning, purpose and cause of education should be to serve the humanity without any soma of discrimination on the basis of equality so that we can make our world a place better to live on peacefully and purposefully .

John Dewey and early childhood education Essay

Education is not preparation for life. Education is life itself. John Dewey (1859-1952) (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) The eagerness of Desired Outcomes of Pre-school Education that the Ministry of Education(MOE) had put together in 2003 highlighted the significant wideness of pre-school breeding being the platform for lifelong nameing. Its intention were fara personal manner beyond preparation of these shaverren merely for Primary School curriculum (Wong,2000). in truth much a deal to John Dewey (Dewey)s quote, MOEs take on pre-school program line exists similar context.I felt that it challenges the perceived notion that education is only about getting the necessary qualifications or securing a well-behaved job. However, with an clear(p) mind, education in fact occurs throughout life. This brings about a few educational principles of Dewey which had influenced me in my organiseings with shaverren in a pre-school setting. I felt that the central concept of Dewe ys view of education was that thither should be greater emphasis on allowing children break up chore solve skills, critical thinking skills, and being fitted to make decisions on their testify, sort of than simply on the memorization of lessons.Through real life experiences, kinda of merely being on the receiving end of secondhand information, children were sufficient to develop the required skills effectively (Seefeldt and Barbour, 1998). Active hearing has been widely advocated in my child c ar centre. I often incorporate and encourage it too. Lets say I will be teaching on the infrastructure of occupation and doctors atomic number 18 the topic of the week. For the greener age group like pre- babys room and nursery, I would provide real materials like a doctor escape set.Children would be encouraged to explore these materials at their own pace and use ups. They would be able to experience how it senses like being a doctor and thenceforth get an insight of what a do ctors work desktop is about. Concurrently, they would be exposed to the instruments that a doctor uses. I would everywherely withdraw children open ended questions like What does a doctor do? Which ray do you think a doctor uses to hear your heartbeat? If you are a doctor, how would you hear my heartbeat? .I confide that such open ended question encourages children to construct their own understanding of concepts. I would too drop hints and attempt to spur their interest when children make uninterested and depend clueless. On top of these activities, for the kindergarten classes, I would introduce a Doctor of the twenty-four hour period where the child would, alongside the teacher, function in the daily temperature taking of children. This way they would understand the concept of what is taken to be ill and what is not, and alike who should they envision at times when they fall sick.I would also liaise with a nearby clinic and bring the children on a trip, getting t he doctor to assist in giving the children a short demonstration of a incessant consultation in the clinic. The children will not only be able to see how a clinic setting is like, they will also be able to pose questions to the doctor to find out more. Following which, I would political program for a clinic role play where children are free to express their own interpretation and ideas of a being a doctor. In tie with Deweys avocation of active learning, this concept of learning has been strongly supported by the local context too.In the Code of Ethics, professionals are obliged to agitate and encourage children to be actively involved regardless of ability (Association for wee puerility Educators, Singapore, 2005). Dewey also advocated that the school is a sociable institution (Flanagan, 1994). He believed that through social interaction with with child(p)s and peers, learning would be further beef up (Henniger, 2002). Communication with peers or adults allows children to thi nk, process their thoughts into verbal words and therefore encourages and stimulates a childs thinking.Interactive learning is also vital to social development. Being able to develop a positive and satisfying alliance with peers and adults is crucial for effective social interaction and is often a boil down of pre-school programs (Early Childhood Teachers Association, 2003). In my workings with children, I have realized the master(prenominal) role social interaction plays in a childs development. Children across all pre-school levels enjoy talking and interacting with each other over their thoughts, opinions and experiences. One way I encourage this is by imagening for problem solving in group discussions.For instance, the kindergarten children would be issued a problem at the start of the day What are the features of an insect? They would then be split into groups to explore the problem by going into the various learning centres I have set up toacquire the information. This c an be followed up by bringing the children on a field trip to the Botanical garden where children are able explore on the topic and make drawings and notes on their observations as a group. At the end of the day, they would discuss about their gatherings again in groups, and then present their findings.Other than learning how to function as a member of a group, children would also be able to learn cooperative skills and conflict resolution through the activeness. Besides peer interaction, adult interaction plays an equally important role. In the Assessment of Licensing Standards in child care centre, staffs are to encourage interaction with children in order for children to be able to understand self and others (Ministry of Community Development and Sports, 2003). In the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I take time to listen, make eye contact and answer to children.This makes children feel comfortable and it motivates them to interact more with adults. I would also final cause f or activities like dough play and painting on large document where children are able to proceed with the activity together. Through such activities, they are able to discuss, comment and communicate with each other too. I would also ask questions like, What do you think Clarisse has molded? Does it look like a sandwich? which allows for creative thoughts to be expressed and interaction to take place. Deweys philosophy perceived a teachers role as a guide and observer, rather than an instructor or a disciplinarian.The teacher is to provide and prepare the environment and curriculum to allow children to benefit and learn productively from it. Teachers were also expected to observe children and come up with activities knowing to facilitate optimal learning (Feeney, Christensen and Moravcik, 2006). For the pre-nursery and nursery classes, I would provide a large garland of materials where children would be given the choice to choose base on their preference. I would not interfere i n their choice activity as long as it conforms safety standards. I would also plan for activities where children could explore and exercise trial and error.For instance in the dough do session, they would be able to explore how much water is needed to come through the texture of dough they would like, and what should be added when the dough becomes too soft. However, I would be guiding children whenever they are stuck or faced with much difficulty. I would also put up childrens work like their art work at a prominent corner of the classroom to make them feel that their work is valued. For the kindergarten classes, I would plan the lesson together with the children and come up with activities that could splatter on their interest.For instance, discussing with children about which occupations interests them the most by showing them a variety of it. After the children have made their choices, I would plan activities catered to their interest. Throughout the lesson, I would make obse rvational notes about each child and provide experiences or materials catered to individuals interest. For example if a child shows immense interest in the occupation teacher, I would plan for the child to have a go at teaching his fellow classmates a song.Or if a child is interested in being a policeman, he could patrol the corridors before nap time to ensure that children are not concealing in the toilets or up to mischief. Similarly, under the Framework for Kindergarten Curriculum, MOE recommend lay their principles into practice in a few ways. These includes, preparing the learning environment by encouraging learning at their own pace and choice, planning purposeful activities based on childrens interest and abilities, allowing resources and materials to be easily and quick available and observing and monitoring childrens development.(Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2003) Through Dewey, I become aware of various methods and principles which plays a vital role in childrens pre-school learning. Though there were also controversies in Deweys philosophy, I believe that each philosopher possesses their own virtues and Dewey was one which struck me the most. References Association for Early Childhood Educators, Singapore (2005). Code of ethics. Retrieved March 23, 2010 from http//www. aeces. org/code_of_ethics Early Childhood Teachers Association (2003). Educating young children.Journal of early childishness teachers association inc and school of early childhood university of technology, 9(1) Feeney, S. Christensen, D. Moravcik, E. (2006). Who am I in the lives of children? an introduction to early childhood education (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education. Flanagan, F. M. (1994). John Dewey. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http//www. admin. mfu. edu/ctlf/Ed%20Psych%20Readings/dewey. pdf Henniger, M. L. (2002) instruction young children An introduction (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pearson Education.